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Anemia is a condition characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It can result from various causes including blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased destruction of red blood cells.
Anemia develops through three main mechanisms: decreased red blood cell production (due to iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency, bone marrow disorders), increased destruction (hemolysis from genetic disorders, autoimmune conditions, or infections), or blood loss (acute hemorrhage or chronic bleeding). These mechanisms lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, triggering compensatory responses including increased cardiac output and enhanced oxygen extraction.
Clinical presentation varies based on severity and underlying cause, ranging from fatigue and weakness in mild cases to dyspnea, palpitations, and pallor in severe anemia. Diagnostic workup includes complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, and specific tests like iron studies, vitamin levels, or hemoglobin electrophoresis based on clinical suspicion. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause while providing supportive care such as iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or specific therapies for hemolytic anemias.