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Croup is a common respiratory infection in children aged 6 months to 6 years, characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The condition presents with a distinctive barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness, typically caused by viral infections, most commonly parainfluenza virus.
Viral infection causes inflammation and edema of the upper airway, particularly around the larynx and subglottic area. The narrowing of the already small pediatric airway results in turbulent airflow, producing the characteristic stridor and barking cough. The inflammation primarily affects the vocal cords and subglottic region, where even minimal swelling can significantly compromise airway diameter.
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and preceding viral symptoms. The severity is assessed using clinical scoring systems that evaluate stridor, retractions, air entry, and level of consciousness. Treatment focuses on reducing airway inflammation with corticosteroids and providing supportive care, with severe cases requiring hospitalization for airway monitoring and potential interventions.