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Pediatric anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within minutes of exposure to allergens such as foods, medications, or insect stings. This medical emergency requires immediate recognition and treatment with epinephrine, as delayed intervention can result in cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, and death.
Anaphylaxis involves massive IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and basophils, releasing inflammatory mediators including histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines throughout the body. This systemic release causes widespread vasodilation, increased capillary permeability leading to fluid extravasation, bronchoconstriction, and potential cardiovascular collapse due to distributive shock.
Early recognition of anaphylaxis in children requires identifying multi-system involvement including skin reactions, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiovascular instability occurring after allergen exposure. Immediate intramuscular epinephrine administration is the first-line treatment, followed by supportive care including IV fluids, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids, while preparing for potential biphasic reactions that may occur hours later.