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Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response to infection that can progress to septic shock, characterized by circulatory failure and organ dysfunction. Early recognition and aggressive treatment with antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressor support are critical for survival. The condition represents a medical emergency with high mortality rates if not promptly managed.
Sepsis results from a dysregulated host immune response to infection, leading to widespread inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular compromise. The inflammatory cascade causes increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and coagulopathy, ultimately resulting in tissue hypoxia and multi-organ failure. Septic shock occurs when persistent hypotension develops despite adequate fluid resuscitation, requiring vasopressor support to maintain tissue perfusion.
Clinical assessment focuses on identifying the source of infection while monitoring for signs of organ dysfunction using tools like qSOFA and SOFA scores. The sepsis-3 criteria emphasize organ dysfunction rather than just inflammatory markers, helping clinicians distinguish sepsis from uncomplicated infection. Treatment prioritizes the 'sepsis bundle' - early antibiotic administration, source control, fluid resuscitation, and hemodynamic support - with timing being crucial for patient outcomes.